Les facteurs associés aux morbi-mortalités maternelles de l'éclampsie à la maternité de Befelatanana / Factors associated with maternal eclampsia morbidity and mortality at the maternity hospital of Befelatanana

L'éclampsie est une complication neurologique majeure de la pré-éclampsie sévère, responsable d'une lourde morbidité et mortalité maternelle. L'objectif de cette étude était de déterminer les facteurs associés aux morbimortalités maternelles de l'éclampsie. Patients et Méthodes : Il s'agissait d'une étude rétrospective, transversale, descriptive et analytique ; sur une période de 36 mois, allant de Janvier 2019 à Décembre 2021, réalisée à la maternité de Befelatanana. Les paramètres cliniques et obstétricales, la prise en charge, les complications et l'évolution maternelle ont été les paramètres étudiés. Résultats : Sur 21 514 accouchements, 461 cas (2,14%) d'éclampsie ont été recensé dont 288 cas inclus dans l'étude. L'âge moyen était de 23,29±6 ans ; l'âge gestationnel était > 37 semaine d'aménorrhée dans 60,10% (n= 173) des cas et la grossesse étaient mal suivies dans 49,70% (n=143) des cas. Les complications maternelles dominées par : la détresse respiratoire aigüe sur pneumopathie d'inhalation; le coma prolongé ; une hémorragie intracérébrale et l'association à d'autres complications tel que : un HELLP syndrome, un hématome rétroplacentaire et une insuffisance rénale oligo-anurique aigue. Les facteurs associés aux décès étaient : l'existence de trouble de la conscience postcritique (p=0,026 ; OR=3,2 [1,09-9,37]), l'existence de coma prolongé ≥24h (p=10-8 ; OR=34 [11,47-100,71]), l'existence d'une insuffisance rénale aigue (p=10-4 ; OR=4,42 [2,08-9,4]) et l'association à un HELLP syndrome (p=10-8 ; OR=29,16 [12,08-70,41]). Conclusion : La morbi-mortalité de l'éclampsie reste encore très élevé à Madagascar ; une éducation de la population Malagasy doit être renforcer sur le suivi médical rapproché de la grossesse

Investigation of FAS and IL-6 expression in placentas with HELLP syndrome / Investigación de la expresión de FAS e IL-6 en placentas con síndrome de HELLP

SUMMARY: The aim of our study was to investigate the effect of inflammation in the placenta on the pro-apoptotic development after severe preeclampsia. Placenta tissue samples of 15 HELLP syndrome and 15 healthy 35-38th week-pregnant women were involved in the study. Tissue samples were taken only from the maternal side of the placenta and fixed in 10 % formaldehyde, then blocked in paraffin wax and 4-6 mm-thick sections were cut and stained with Harris Hematoxylene-Eosin. Antigen retrieval was performed for sections, incubated with FAS antibody and anti-IL-6 antibody. After the application of streptavidin peroxidase followed by AEC chromogen solution, sections were counterstained with Harris hematoxylin. Significant thickening of the fibrinoid layer, degeneration and apoptotic change in decidua cells, marked increase in the hyalinized area, degenerative changes in the syncytial regions of the chorionic villus and an increase in syncytial nodes and bridges and IL- expression were observed as positive. FAS expression was positive in the pycnotic nuclei of decidual cells in the maternal region and in the syncytial regions. It was observed that the proapoptotic process increased as a result of severe preeclampsia. It was concluded that the control of cytokine activity and reduction of pro-apoptotic signal during the inflammation process will slow down the development of HELLP syndrome.

RESUMEN: El objetivo de nuestro estudio fue investigar el efecto de la inflamación en la placenta sobre el desarrollo proapoptótico después de la preeclampsia severa. Se recogieron muestras de tejido de placenta de 15 mujeres con síndrome de HELLP y 15 mujeres sanas con un embarazo de 35 a 38 semanas. Se tomaron muestras de tejido solo del lado materno de la placenta y se fijaron en formaldehído al 10 %, luego se bloquearon en parafina y se cortaron secciones de 4-6 mm de espesor y se tiñeron con hematoxilena-eosina de Harris. La recuperación del antígeno se realizó para secciones, incubadas con anticuerpo FAS y anticuerpo anti-IL-6. Después de la aplicación de estreptavidina peroxidasa seguida de solución de cromógeno AEC, las secciones se contrastaron con hematoxilina de Harris. Se observó como positivo un engrosamiento significativo de la capa fibrinoide, degeneración y cambio apoptótico en las células de la decidua, aumento marcado en el área hialinizada, cambios degenerativos en las regiones sincitiales de la vellosidad coriónica y un aumento en los nódulos y puentes sincitiales y la expresión de IL-6. La expresión de FAS fue positiva en los núcleos picnóticos de las células deciduales en la región materna y en las regiones sincitiales. Se observó que el proceso proapoptótico se incrementó como consecuencia de la preeclampsia severa. Se concluyó que el control de la actividad de las citocinas y la reducción de la señal proapoptótica durante el proceso de inflamación ralentizarán el desarrollo del síndrome de HELLP.

Eficacia terapeútica de la dexametasona para la plaquetopenia en pacientes internadas en el servicio de obstetricia con síndrome de HELLP, Hospital Municipal Boliviano Holandes, gestión 2018 / Therapeutic efficacy of dexamethasone for plachetopenia in patients intermitted to the obstetrics service with HELLP syndrome, Municipal Hospital "Boliviano Holandés", management 2018

El síndrome de HELLP se caracteriza por anemia hemolítica microangiopática, disfunción hepática y trombocitopenia. OBJETIVO: determinar la eficacia terapéutica de la dexametasona para la plaquetopenia en pacientes internadas con síndrome de HELLP, en el servicio de Obstetricia del Hospital Municipal Boliviano Holandés, gestión 2018. MATERIAL Y METODOS: se realizó un estudio prospectivo, analítico y de corte dinámico desde el 1 de enero al 31 de diciembre de la gestión 2018, en el servicio de Obstetricia del Hospital Municipal Boliviano Holandés. Se incluyeron en el estudio pacientes internadas con el diagnóstico de HELLP; con edad gestacional mayor a 22 semanas y puérperas que estuvieron cursando los 7 días post parto, a quienes se administró dexametasona. RESULTADOS: se estudió 14 pacientes (100%), las cuales cumplieron los criterios de inclusión, a quienes se administró dexametasona EV (8mg c/12 hrs y 4mg c/12hrs). En relación a la edad, se presentó en mayores de 35 años (43%), teniendo el (71.4%) de las pacientes un nivel de instrucción secundario, de las cuales (50%) realizo menos de 3 controles prenatales durante su gestación. Respecto al recuento plaquetario existe un incremento de 34.500mm3 (p=0.00) tras 48 horas de tratamiento con dexametasona y disminución de enzimas hepáticas GOT (p=0.003) y GPT (p=0.017) respectivamente. CONCLUSION: este estudio demuestra que el uso de dexametasona en pacientes con síndrome de HELLP, es eficaz ya que incrementa el recuento plaquetario y reduce los niveles de transaminasas tras 48 horas de tratamiento

HELLP syndrome is characterized by microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, liver dysfunction, and thrombocytopenia. OBJETIVES: to determine the therapeutic efficacy of dexamethasone for thrombocytopenia in hospitalized patients with HELLP syndrome, in the Obstetrics service of the Municipal Hospital Boliviano Holandés, management 2018. MATERIALS AND METHODS: a prospective, analytical and dynamic study was carried out from January 1 to December 31 of the 2018 administration, in the Obstetrics service of the Holandés Boliviano Municipal Hospital. Hospitalized patients diagnosed with HELLP were included in the study; with gestational age greater than 22 weeks and puerperal women who were attending the 7 days postpartum, who were administered dexamethasone. RESULTS: we studied 14 patients (100%), who met the inclusion criteria, who were administered IV dexamethasone (8mg every 12 hours and 4mg every 12 hours). In relation to age, it was presented in patients older than 35 years (43%), with (71.4%) of the patients having a secondary education level, of which (50%) performed less than 3 prenatal controls during their pregnancy. Regarding the platelet count, there is an increase of 34,500mm3 (p=0.00) after 48 hours of treatment with dexamethasone and a decrease in liver enzymes GOT (p=0.003) and GPT (p=0.017), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: this study shows that the use of dexamethasone in patients with HELLP syndrome is effective since it increases platelet count and reduces transaminase levels after 48 hours of treatment.

Hígado agudo graso del embarazo: reporte de caso / Acute fatty liver of pregnancy: case report

El hígado graso del embarazo es una patología poco frecuente en la especialidad obstétrica, cuyo diagnóstico se realiza basado en los criterios de Swansea, muchas veces es un diagnóstico que se realiza por exclusión; usualmente se presenta entre las semanas 30 y 35 del embarazo, y la cura definitiva se realiza con la interrupción expedita del mismo; con una tasa de recuperación casi del 100% si se realiza la interrupción oportuna y una tasa de mortalidad materno fetal actual del 10%. Es importante estar atentos a la ganancia ponderal de la embarazada durante el control prenatal, la epigastralgia, y los signos clínicos asociados a hipoglicemia(AU)

Fatty liver of pregnancy is a rare pathology in obstetrics, whose diagnosis is made based on the Swansea criteria, many times it is a diagnosis that is made by exclusion; It usually occurs between weeks 30 and 35, and the definitive cure is carried out with the expeditious interruption of pregnancy; with a recovery rate of almost 100% if timely interruption is made and a current maternal-fetal mortality rate of 10%. It is important to be attentive to the weight gain of the pregnant woman during prenatal control, epigastric pain, and clinical signs associated with hypoglycemia

Manejo de la ruptura hepática espontánea en el síndrome de HELLP / Management of spontaneous hepatic rupture in HELLP syndrome

Introducción. El síndrome de HELLP es una variante grave de la preeclampsia, con una baja incidencia, entre el 0,5-0,9 % de todos los embarazos. La ruptura hepática espontánea en el embarazo es infrecuente, presenta una alta mortalidad, y se ha relacionado con hemangiomas hepáticos, coriocarcinoma y síndrome de HELLP. Caso clínico. Mujer de 29 años con embarazo de 34,3 semanas, con actividad uterina progresiva, sufrimiento fetal agudo y hallazgos compatibles con síndrome de HELLP. Se practicó cesárea de urgencia encontrando hemoperitoneo y ruptura hepática del lóbulo derecho, por lo que se realizó empaquetamiento abdominal y posterior reintervención quirúrgica. Discusión. La ruptura hepática espontánea en el embarazo es una entidad infrecuente y potencialmente mortal. Es esencial un alto nivel de sospecha para realizar el diagnóstico y la rápida intervención. Requiere un manejo multidisciplinario para un resultado exitoso. Se han descrito múltiples tratamientos que dependen de las manifestaciones clínicas y extensión de la lesión, pero es claro que la laparotomía primaria y el taponamiento constituyen la mejor elección ante el hallazgo intraoperatorio.

Introduction. HELLP syndrome is a severe variant of preeclampsia with a low incidence, between 0.5-0.9% of all pregnancies. Spontaneous hepatic rupture in pregnancy is rare, has a high mortality, and has been associated with hepatic hemangiomas, choriocarcinoma, and HELLP syndrome. Clinical case. 29-year-old woman with a 34.3-week pregnancy, with progressive uterine activity and acute fetal distress and findings compatible with HELLP syndrome. An emergency cesarean section was performed, finding hemoperitoneum and hepatic rupture of the right lobe, performing abdominal packing and subsequent surgical reoperation. Discussion. Spontaneous liver rupture in pregnancy is a rare and potentially fatal entity. A high level of suspicion is essential to make the diagnosis and prompt intervention. It requires multidisciplinary management for a successful outcome. Multiple treatments have been described that depend on the clinical manifestations and extent of the lesion, but it is clear that primary laparotomy and packing constitute the best choice before the intraoperative finding.

Patología hipertensiva durante el embarazo y el producto de la concepción / Hypertensive pathology during pregnancy and the product of conception

El Hospital Nacional Dr. Mario Catarino Rivas (hospital de segundo nivel de atención), sirve como centro de atención para embarazos de alto riesgo de la zona noroccidental de Honduras; reportó 1,702 casos de trastor-nos hipertensivos del embarazo en 2017 y 2,070 casos en 2018. Se caracterizó pacientes con signos y síntomas de trastornos hipertensivos del embarazo agrupadas desde un punto de vista obstétrico, epidemiológico y clínico. Se realizó un estudio, descriptivo de corte transversal en gestantes que presentaron cefalea, cifras tensionales elevadas (≥ 140/90mmHg); registrando ausencia o presencia de proteinuria, atendidas en la emergencia de labor y parto de un hospital nacional de segundo nivel de atención en San Pedro Sula, Honduras, desde junio hasta octubre del 2019. Se incluyeron 110 pacientes de entre 18-43 años, mestizas y amas de casa, la edad gestacional promedio por fecha de ultima menstruación de 37.7 semanas; el 28.2% presentó preeclampsia severa. Las manifestaciones clínicas frecuentes fueron edema de miembros inferiores y cefalea. El 57.3% desarrolló trabajo de parto espontá-neo, la resolución del embarazo fue cesárea en el 57.3% de las gestantes. Respecto al producto de la concepción, 66.4% tenían peso normal y talla apropiada para la edad gestacional, un APGAR de 8 al primer minuto y de 9 a los 5 minutos. En este estudio, se reporta una prevalencia del 13.72% con respecto a los trastornos hipertensivos del embarazo. Particularmente en pacientes mayores de 35 años, multípara, con índice de masa corporal ≥ 32 kg/m2, presentando antecedentes de hipertensión arterial, diabetes mellitus y preeclampsia.

The National Hospital Dr. Mario Catarino Rivas (second-level care hospital), serves as a care center for high-risk pregnancies in the northwestern part of Honduras; it reported 1,702 cases of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy in 2017 and 2,070 cases in 2018. Patients with signs and symptoms of hypertensive disorders of preg-nancy were characterized grouped from an obstetric, epidemiological and clinical point of view. A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in pregnant women who presented headache, high blood pressure (≥ 140 / 90mmHg); registering the absence or presence of proteinuria in urine, attended in the labor and delivery emer-gency of a national hospital of second level of care in San Pedro Sula, Honduras; from June to October 2019. 110 patients between 18-43 years old, mixed race and housewives were included, the average gestational age by date of last menstruation of 37.7 weeks, 28.2% presented severe preeclampsia. The frequent clinical manifestations were lower limb edema and headache. 57.3% developed spontaneous labor, the pregnancy termination route was cesarean section in 57.3% of pregnant women. Regarding the product of conception, 69.1% had weight and height appropriate for gestational age, an APGAR of 8 at the first minute and of 9 at 5 minutes. In this study, a prevalence of 13.72% is reported with respect to hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Particularly in patients older than 35 years, multiparous, with a body mass index ≥ 32 kg / m2, presenting a history of arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus and pre-eclampsia.

Coronavirus 2019, thrombocytopenia and HELLP syndrome: association or coincidence? / Coronavírus 2019, trombocitopenia e síndrome HELLP: Associação ou coincidência?

Abstract The present report describes the case of a 31-year-old primigravida, with dichorionic twins at 31 weeks. She presented with history of myalgia, jaundice, and abdominal discomfort. No flu-like symptoms as fever or cough. She was not aware of exposure to COVID-19. Normal blood pressure and O2 saturation. Laboratory tests showed platelet count of 218,000 mm3, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) 558 IU and serum creatinine 2.3 mg/dl. Doppler ultrasound in one twin was compatible with brain sparing. Partial hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, low platelet count (HELLP) syndrome was the hypothesis, and a cesarean section was performed. On day 2, the white-cell count reached 33,730, with decreased consciousness and mild respiratory distress. Tomography revealed both lungs with ground-glass opacities. Swab for COVID-19 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was positive. Thrombocytopenia in patients with COVID-19 appears to be multifactorial, similar to what occurs in preeclampsia and HELLP syndrome. We assume that the synergism of these pathophysiological mechanisms could accelerate the compromise of maternal conditions and could be a warning to the obstetric practice.

Resumo O presente relato descreve o caso de uma gestante de 31 anos, gemelar dicoriônica com 31 semanas, com queixa de mialgia, icterícia e desconforto abdominal. A paciente não apresentava sintomas gripais como febre ou tosse e não tinha conhecimento de exposição ao COVID-19. Pressão arterial e saturação de oxigênio normais. Os exames laboratoriais apresentaram contagem de plaquetas de 218,000 mm3, ALT 558 IU e creatinina 2.3 mg/dl. Doppler compatível com centralização de um dos fetos. Síndrome de hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, low platelet count (HELLP) parcial foi a hipótese diagnóstica inicial e a cesariana foi realizada. No segundo dia, a paciente apresentou leucócitos de 33.730 com queda do nível de consciência e desconforto respiratório leve. A tomografia revelou opacidade pulmonar em vidro fosco bilateralmente. A pesquisa de COVID-19 por polymerase chain reaction (PCR)/swab teve resultado positivo. Trombocitopenia em pacientes com COVID-19 é multifatorial, semelhante ao que ocorre na pré-eclâmpsia e na síndrome HELLP. Acreditamos que o sinergismo da fisiopatologia das doenças em questão pode acelerar o comprometimento materno e deve servir de alerta para a prática obstétrica.

Analysis of epidemiological profile and ventilator parameters of postpartum women submitted to mechanical ventilation guided by electrical impedance tomography / Análise de perfil epidemiológico e parâmetros ventilatórios de puérperas submetidas à ventilação mecânica por meio da tomografia por impedância elétrica

INTRODUCTION: Pregnancy-related diseases have aggravated the situation of postpartum women, who end up using Mechanical Ventilation (MV) when admitted to Intensive Care Units (ICU). Although MV has benefits, it is associated with deleterious effects that can be minimized with the use of Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT). OBJECTIVE: The aim was to analyze the epidemiological profile and ventilatory parameters of mothers, which developed HELLP Syndrome, sepsis and/or Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS), under MV and monitored with EIT. METHODS: The study was observational, cross-sectional, retrospective and prospective conducted between March and September 2018, using data collection forms filled from the database and sociodemographic, obstetric and ventilatory records of postpartum women admitted to adult ICU. RESULTS: The sample consisted of 13 postpartum women, 8 with sepsis (61.5%), 7 with HELLP syndrome (53.8%) and 4 with ARDS (30.8%). Five patients (38.5%) evolved with more than one of these conditions. Regarding the ventilatory parameters evaluated, VT 378.9 (±103.9) mL were observed and mean values found for PEEP 9.8 (±1.9) cmH2O and driving pressure 11.1 (±1.4) cmH2O are below recommendations in the literature, predicting lower mortality and morbidity index. CONCLUSION: The relevance of the driving pressure assessment in the MV setting was demonstrated, a parameter assessed by the EIT and directly related to static lung compliance (Cstat), PEEP, VT and optimization of regional pulmonary ventilation. It is highlighted the need for future research with greater clinical significance regarding the profile of postpartum women about the increasingly frequent diseases in this population.

INTRODUÇÃO: As doenças relacionadas à gravidez tem agravado o quadro de puérperas, que acabam fazendo uso de Ventilação Mecânica (VM) quando internadas em Unidades de Terapia Intensiva (UTI). A VM, apesar de trazer benefícios, está associada a efeitos deletérios que podem ser minimizados com o uso da Tomografia por Impedância Elétrica (TIE). OBJETIVO: Analisar o perfil epidemiológico e parâmetros ventilatórios de puérperas que evoluíram com Síndrome HELLP, Sepse e/ou Síndrome do Desconforto Respiratório Agudo (SDRA), sob VM e monitoradas com a TIE. MÉTODOS: Estudo observacional, transversal retrospectivo e prospectivo, realizado entre março e setembro de 2018, por meio de fichas de coletas preenchidas a partir de banco de dados/prontuários sociodemográficos, obstétricos e ventilatórios de puérperas internadas em UTI. RESULTADOS: Amostra composta por 13 puérperas, oito com Sepse (61,5%), sete com Síndrome HELLP (53,8%) e quatro com SDRA (30,8%), demonstrando que cinco (38,5%) pacientes evoluíram com mais de uma dessas patologias. Acerca dos parâmetros ventilatórios avaliados, observou-se VT 378.9 (± 103.9) e que valores médios encontrados para PEEP 9.8 (±1.9) e driving pressure 11.1 (±1.4) estão abaixo dos preconizados pela literatura, predizendo menores índices de mortalidade e morbidade. CONCLUSÃO: Demonstrou-se relevância da avaliação de driving pressure no cenário da VM, parâmetro avaliado por meio da TIE e diretamente relacionado à Cst, PEEP, VT e otimização da ventilação pulmonar regional. Destaca-se a necessidade de pesquisas futuras que apresentem maiores significâncias clínicas voltadas ao perfil de puérperas em relação às doenças cada vez mais frequentes nesta população.

Atuação do enfermeiro a pacientes portadoras de síndrome hipertensiva específica da gestação / Nursing's action against patients with specific hypertensive management syndrome

Objetivo: Identificar a importância da assistência de enfermagem às gestantes com Síndrome Hipertensiva Gestacional. Método: Estudo bibliográfico, descritivo e exploratório, realizado busca no banco de dados da Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS), Sistema Latino-Americano e do Caribe de Informações em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS), Scientific Eletrônic Library Online (SCIELO) e Bancos de dados em enfermagem (BDENF). Resultados: A Síndrome Hipertensiva da Gravidez (SHEG) apresenta como uma das mais importantes complicações durante o ciclo gravídicopuerperal e a sua etiologia ainda permanece desconhecida. A pré-eclâmpsia evolui naturalmente e quando não tratada/interrompida a gestação, ocorre o desenvolvimento para as formas mais graves, especialmente, a eclampsia e a síndrome HELLP. É de grande importância que o profissional de enfermagem atue de forma mais efetiva e presente, para que as reais necessidades das pacientes sejam supridas, havendo melhora do quadro clínico e eventuais complicações sejam evitadas. Conclusões: A assistência efetiva durante o pré-natal, pelos profissionais, diminui os índices de SHEG em gestantes e as tiram do grupo de risco, principalmente as que possuem fatores predisponentes e etiológicos. Assim, é possível descrever a atuação do enfermeiro frente à patologia, observando a necessidade de um trabalho conjunto à uma equipe multidisciplinar para que ocorra um atendimento eficaz à gestante (AU)

This study aimed to identify and characterize the importance of nursing care for pregnant women with Gestational Hypertensive Syndrome. Method: Bibliographic,descriptive and exploratory study, searches the database of the Virtual Health Library (VHL), Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Information System (LILACS), Scientific Electronic Library Online (SCIELO) and Banks. of Nursing Data (BDENF). Results: Hypertensive Pregnancy Syndrome (SHEG) is one of the most important complications during the pregnancy-puerperal cycle and its etiology is still unknown. Preeclampsia evolves naturally and when untreated / interrupted pregnancy develops into the most severe forms, especially eclampsia and HELLP syndrome. It is of great importance that the nursing professional acts more effectively and present, so that the real needs of patients are met, with improvement of the clinical picture and eventual complications are avoided. Conclusions: The effective prenatal care by professionals reduces the rates of SHEG in pregnant women and remove them from the risk group, especially those with predisposing and etiological factors. Thus, it is possible to describe the role of nurses in the pathology, noting the need for a joint work with a multidisciplinary team for effective care to pregnant women (AU)

Leucemia mieloide aguda y pre-eclampsia coexistente: algunas dificultades diagnósticas: a propósito de un caso / Acute myeloid leukemia and coexisting preeclampsia: some diagnosis difficulties: a case report

OBJETIVO: Remarcar la importancia de hacer un adecuado diagnóstico diferencial de la anemia y trombocitopenia en la gestante, ya que en ocasiones enmascaran cuadros tan graves como la leucemia. Presentar un caso de leucemia mieloide aguda con una preeclampsia sobreañadida y describir el proceso diagnóstico y terapéutico llevado a cabo. CASO CLÍNICO: Secundigesta, 25 años, gestante de 37 semanas, con antecedentes de preeclampsia, derivada desde atención primaria por alteración analítica y malestar general. A su llegada a urgencias el cuadro clínico es compatible con un Síndrome de HELLP. Tras el estudio del mismo se llega a la certeza de que se trata de una preeclampsia asociada a una leucemia mieloide aguda que ha simulado los parámetros analíticos de un Síndrome de HELLP. CONCLUSIONES: Es importante el adecuado estudio etiológico de la anemia y trombocitopenia en la gestación. La leucemia exige al clínico un abordaje precoz y multidisciplinar tanto diagnóstico como terapéutico.

OBJECTIVE: To emphasize on the importance of performing a precise differential diagnosis of anaemia and thrombocytopenia during pregnancy, as they can be due to important diseases as leukemia. A case of acute myeloid leukemia associated with preeclampsia is reported, describing the complexity of the diagnostic and therapeutic process. CLINICAL CASE: 25-year-old woman, gravida 2, para 1 (preeclampsia), at 36 weeks of gestation was referred to the emergency department by her primary care physician due to severe disturbance on the blood tests and general discomfort. Initially, a HELLP syndrome was suspected. However, after going in depth in the case, the final diagnosis was preeclampsia associated to acute myeloid leukemia, simulating blood parameters in HELLP syndrome. CONCLUSIONS: It is essential to study deeply and carry out a complete differential diagnosis process of anaemia and thrombocytopenia during pregnancy. Leukemia requires an early multidisciplinary management both for diagnosis and treatment.

Desenlaces materno-fetales de los embarazos con trastornos hipertensivos: un estudio transversal / Maternal and fetal outcomes of pregnancies with hypertensive disorders: a cross-sectional study

INTRODUCCIÓN Y OBJETIVO: Los trastornos hipertensivos asociados al embarazo son considerados un problema de salud pública. Se busca describir las características clínicas y desenlaces materno-fetales de las pacientes con esta patología, atendidas en el Hospital Universitario de Santander (HUS) durante el primer semestre de 2017. MÉTODOS: Estudio observacional retrospectivo de corte transversal. Se incluyeron las pacientes en estado de embarazo o puerperio con diagnóstico o sospecha de trastorno hipertensivo; se excluyeron aquellas que no pudieron ser clasificadas o no correspondían a éstos. RESULTADOS: Se analizaron 181 historias clínicas; la edad de las pacientes osciló entre 14 y 44 años; el 43,7% eran primigestantes; el 40,3% tuvo un control prenatal inadecuado y el 27,5% tenía antecedente de trastorno hipertensivo en gestaciones previas. El 75,1% de las pacientes fueron clasificadas como preeclampsia, 18,2% con hipertensión gestacional, 4,4% con hipertensión más preeclampsia sobreagregada y 2,2% con hipertensión crónica. El 16,9% de las pacientes con preeclampsia debutaron antes de la semana 34, de las cuales el 91,3% tenían criterios de severidad; mientras que entre las demás, el 84% presentaron criterios de severidad. CONCLUSIONES: La preeclampsia fue el trastorno hipertensivo más frecuente, predominó la presentación tardía y severa con importantes tasas de complicación maternas y fetales. Mediante la implementación de estrategias de detección temprana y adecuada atención de los trastornos hipertensivos asociados al embarazo podrían mejorarse los desenlaces materno-fetales.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy are considered a public health issue. The aim is to describe the clinical features, maternal - fetal outcomes of patients with this disease, who were admitted at the University Hospital of Santander (Bucaramanga, Colombia) during the first half of 2017. METHOD: Cross-sectional retrospective observational study. Patients in pregnancy or puerperium with diagnosis of hypertensive disorder were included; those who could not be classified or did not correspond were excluded. RESULTS: 181 clinical charts were analyzed, the age of the patients ranged between 14 and 44 years, 43.7% were nulliparous, 40.3% had an inadequate prenatal control and 27.5% had history of hypertensive disorder in previous pregnancies. 75.1% were classified as preeclampsia, 18.2% as gestational hypertension, 4.4% as hypertension and superimposed preeclampsia and 2.2% with chronic hypertension; 16.9% of the patients were of an early-onset preeclampsia before week 34, of which 91.3% had criteria of severity; among the others, 84% presented criteria of severity. CONCLUSION: Preeclampsia was the most frequent hypertensive disorder, late and severe presentation prevailed with important maternal and fetal complication rates. Through the implementation of early detection strategies and adequate care of hypertensive disorders associated with pregnancy maternal and fetal outcomes could be improved.

Accidente cerebrovascular secundario a síndrome de HELLP y sus Implicaciones cognitivas / Stroke secondary to HELLP syndrome and its cognitive implications

Resumen El accidente cerebrovascular es una afección clínica que tiene entre uno de sus factores de riesgo la presión arterial alta. En la gestación, la complejidad de esta afección puede desembocar en un cuadro hipertensivo severo, comúnmente conocido como síndrome de HELLP, el cual es una de las variaciones más complejas de la hipertensión gestacional, que conlleva a múltiples alteraciones en la salud de aquellas que lo padecen. La mayoría de los estudios en el área se han enfocado en conocer su etiología, epidemiología y las consecuencias físicas que acarrean este síndrome; sin embargo, poca es la información que se tiene sobre las secuelas cognitivas a largo plazo que produce en la madre un embarazo complicado posterior a un cuadro hipertensivo severo. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar el caso de una mujer, quien presentó síndrome de HELLP con una complicación de encefalopatía en tallo cerebral y su posterior perfil cognitivo. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo de exploración neuropsicológica y se compararon sus resultados con datos normativos. Entre los resultados se encontraron dificultades en todas las áreas del funcionamiento, además de un déficit cognitivo secundario al cuadro clínico de base. Se concluyó que la hipertensión gestacional es más severa cuando se acompaña de una afectación vascular. Esto afecta la cognición, teniendo un impacto negativo en la vida de la mujer en sus diferentes áreas de ajuste.

Abstract Stroke is a clinical condition that has between one of its risk factors high blood pressure. In gestation, the complexity of this condition can lead to a severe hypertensive picture, commonly known as HELLP syndrome, which is one of the most complex variations of gestational hypertension, which leads to multiple alterations in the Health of those who suffer from it. Most studies in the area have focused on knowing its etiology epidemiology, and physical consequences of this syndrome; however little information exists on long-term cognitive sequel when the mother experiences a complicated pregnancy following a severe hypertensive condition. The present study aimed to analyze the case of a woman with HELLP syndrome with a complication of brain stem encephalopathy and her subsequent cognitive profile. It was performed a descriptive analysis of neuropsychological exploration and compared the results with normative data. Among the results were difficulties in all areas of functioning and cognitive impairment secondary to clinical basis. In conclusion, gestational hypertension is most severe when it´s combined with vascular involvement. This affects cognition, which has a negative impact on the life of the woman in different areas of adjustment.

Síndrome de encefalopatía posterior reversible en preeclampsia grave / Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in severe preeclampsia

El síndrome de encefalopatía reversible posterior (PRES), es una entidad clínico radiológica caracterizada por déficit neurológico, convulsiones, pudiendo llegar a un estado de coma. Requiere diagnóstico por imagen para evidencia de edema vasogénico proceso fisiopatológico reversible, apoyados por tomografía computarizada o resonancia magnética, esta última con mayor sensibilidad para diferenciarla del edema citotóxico que es irreversible. Fisiopatológicamente está asociada a mala autorregulación cerebral secundaria varios factores, en este caso, preeclampsia grave, donde destaca el compromiso clínico e imagenológico del tronco encefálico. La instauración de un tratamiento adecuado y oportuno permite visualizar la regresión de las lesiones, que de no ser así terminaran infartándose.

The posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is a clinical radiological entity characterized by neurological deficit, seizures, and may reach a coma. It requires diagnostic imaging for evidence of vasogenic edema reversible pathophysiological process, supported by computerized tomography or magnetic resonance, the latter with greater sensitivity to differentiate it from cytotoxic edema that is irreversible. Pathophysiologically, several factors are associated with poor cerebral self-regulation, in this case, severe preeclampsia, which highlights the clinical and imaging involvement of the brainstem. The establishment of an appropriate and timely treatment allows visualizing the regression of the lesions, which otherwise would end up infracting.

Infección por Listeria monocytogenes en una mujer gestante con lupus eritematoso sistémico y síndrome HELLP / Listeria monocytogenes infection in a pregnant woman with systemic lupus erythematosus and HELLP syndrome / Infeção por Listeria monocytogenes em uma mulher gestante com antecedente de lúpus eritromatoso sistemático e síndrome HELLP

La listeriosis es una enfermedad transmitida principalmente por alimentos contaminados con Listeria monocytogenes. Se presenta con mayor frecuencia en neonatos, mayores de 65 años, mujeres gestantes y pacientes inmunosuprimidos. La infección por L. monocytogenes durante la gestación se asocia a una importante morbimortalidad materno-fetal.Se reporta el caso de una mujer gestante de 29 años de edad con lupus eritematoso sistémico, a quien se le diagnosticó bacteriemia por L. monocytogenes. Durante la hospitalización, el cuadro clínico se complicó con hipertransaminasemia y, ante la presencia de trombocitopenia, se estableció el diagnóstico presuntivo de síndrome HELLP. El alto riesgo de morbimortalidad llevó a una finalización precoz de la gestación.La importancia de este trabajo clínico radica en presentar la dificultad en el diagnóstico y manejo en una paciente gestante de gran complejidad con una infección relativamente frecuente que puede pasar desapercibida.

Listeriosis is a disease mainly transmitted by food contaminated with bacteria called Listeria monocytogenes. It occurs more often in newborns, elder population, pregnant women and immunosuppressed patients. L. monocytogenes infection during pregnancy is associated to significant maternal mortality and morbidity. The case of a 29-year-old pregnant woman with history of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus is review. The said woman was diagnosed with bacteremia related to L. monocytogenes. During hospitalization, the patient experienced complications with hipertransaminasemia, which led to the presumptive diagnosis of HELLP in presence of thrombocytopenia. Given the high risk of mortality and morbidity, the pregnancy was terminated. The importance of the present clinical work lays in showing the difficulties embedded in diagnosing and handling a high-complexity pregnant patient presenting a frequent infection that would otherwise go undetected.

A listeriosis é uma doença transmitida principalmente por alimentos contaminados com Listeria monocytogenes. Apresentase com maior frequência em neonatos, maiores de 65 anos, mulheres gestantes e pacientes imunossuprimidos. Durante a gestação esta infeção associa-se a uma importante morbimortalidade materno-fetal. Foi reportado o caso de uma mulher gestante de 29 anos com antecedente de lúpus eritematoso sistémico, diagnosticada com bacteriemia por L. monocytogenes, na hospitalização teve complicações com hipertransaminasemia, foi estabelecido um diagnostico presuntivo de síndrome HELLP em presença de trombocitopenia. O alto risco de morbimortalidade levou a uma finalização precoce da gestação. A importância deste trabalho clínico radica em apresentar a dificuldade de diagnóstico e tratamento em pacientes gestantes de alta complexidade com infeção relativamente frequente, que pode passar desapercebida

Niveles plaquetarios y marcadores de disfunción endotelial multiorgánica en síndrome HELLP / Platelet levels and multiorganic endothelial dysfunction markers in the Hellp Syndrome (Hemolysis, elevated liver enzimes, low platelets)

HELLP syndrome (hemolysis, elevated liver enzimes, low platelets count) is one of the major complications of the progression of thrombotic microangiopathies characterized by thrombocytopenia, hemolistic anemia and organic dysfunction. It can be found in between 0,5 - 0,9 % of all pregnancies, and between 4- 14 % in all those women who develop preeclampsia. The general objectives of this report were to describe the relationship existing between the platelet levls and the organic endothelial dysfunction because of the HELLP syndrome, and to determine the perinatal results, during the 10 yr. period of the study, in patients that were assited between 2007 and 2016.

Hematoma subcapsular hepático roto en síndrome HELLP / Ruptured subscapular liver hematoma in context of HELLP syndrome

Background: Ruptured subscapular liver hematoma in context of HELLP syndrome is a rare complication with high mortality. Clinical presentation is nonspecific: epigastric pain, right upper quadrant pain and shoulder pain, should however provide high index of suspicion. Termination of pregnancy is the only definitive treatment with a beneficial effect on the mother and the fetus. According to the hemodynamic status of the patient, treatment can be conservative through hepatic artery embolization, or surgical management, via contained packing of the bleeding area. Aim: To report seven cases of ruptured subscapular liver hematomas treated in a period of 13 years. Material and Methods: Review of medical records of patients discharged with the diagnosis from 2002 to 2015. Results: We identified seven women aged 30 to 44 years, for a total of 86,858 live births. At presentation, mean gestational age was 36 weeks. Five patients reported epigastric pain and three shoulder pain. All patients met the criteria for HELPP syndrome. All patients were operated on, and packing of the bleeding zone was carried out in six. One patient died. Two newborns died. Conclusions: The features of these patients may help in the management of this uncommon but severe condition.

Expression of endothelin-1 and Ki-67 in normotensive and severe preeclamptic placentas / Expresión de endotelina-1 y Ki-67 en placentas normotensas y preeclampsia severa

SUMMARY: Severe preeclampsia (HELLP syndrome) is a life-threatening pregnancy complication, usually a severe form of preeclampsia. In this study, we aimed to examine histopathologic changes and Endothelin-1 and KI-67 expression levels by immunohistochemical methods in severe preeclamptic placentas. Severe preeclampsia and obstetric characteristics and biochemical and hematological characteristics of healthy subjects were compared. Placenta sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin for histopathological examination. In the histopathological examination of severe preeclamptic placenta, degeneration in synaptic and cytotrophoblastic cells, increase in insidious knots, fibrinoid necrosis, degeneration in endothelial cells, calcification and hyaline villous stains were observed. In the severe preeclampsia group, Ki-67 expression increased in decidua cells and inflammatory cells, while endothelial cells in the vessel wall and inflammatory cells in the villus and intervillous spaces increased. It is thought that angiogenetic and cellular proliferation is induced in a co-ordinated manner and significantly influences fetal development.

RESUMEN: La preeclampsia severa (síndrome de HELLP) es una complicación del embarazo potencialmente mortal, generalmente una forma grave de preeclampsia. En este estudio, nuestro objetivo fue examinar los cambios histopatológicos y los niveles de expresión de Endotelina-1 y Ki-67 mediante métodos inmunohistoquímicos en placentas preeclámpsicas graves. Se compararon la preeclampsia grave y las características obstétricas, además de las características bioquímicas y hematológicas de pacientes sanas. Las secciones de placenta se tiñeron con hematoxilina-eosina para examen histopatológico. En el examen histopatológico de placenta preeclampsia severa, se observó la degeneración en células sinápticas y citotrofoblásticas, un aumento de nudos insidiosos, necrosis fibrinoide, degeneración en las células endoteliales,calcificación y manchas vellosas hialinas. En el grupo de preeclampsia grave, la expresión de Ki-67 aumentó en células deciduas y células inflamatorias, mientras que las células endoteliales en la pared del vaso, y las células inflamatorias en las vellosidades y los espacios intervellosos aumentaron. Se cree que la proliferación angiogenética y celular se induce de forma coordinada y que influye significativamente en el desarrollo fetal.

Consideraciones anestésicas en el síndrome de HELLP / Hellp syndrome and anesthesia

The HELLP syndrome is one of the most relevant obstetrical pathologies but for the anestesiologist, which, can even condition the anesthetic technique before a caesarean section. The early colocation of a epidural catheter in obstetrical pathologies that can finish in a cesarean section with the aim of diminishing the mortality associated to the pathology is still under discussion. We present a case of a 25 years old patient programmed for a caesarean section, with probable diagnosis of HELLP syndrome, In which a epidural catheter was placed 12 hours before the surgery presenting a trombocitopenia of 86,000/mm3. Our objetive is to discuss the issues of the anesthetic management in patients with HELLP syndrome and the advantages of the early placement of a epidural catheter.

El síndrome de HELLP es una de las patologías obstétricas más relevantes para el anestesiólogo, la cual, puede incluso condicionar la técnica anestésica ante una eventual cesárea. Actualmente, está en discusión la colocación de un catéter epidural temprano en patologías obstétricas que puedan terminar en una cesárea, con el objetivo de disminuir la morbimortalidad asociada a ella. Presentamos el caso de una paciente de 25 años programada para una operación cesárea, con probable diagnóstico de síndrome HELLP a la que se le colocó un catéter epidural 12 horas antes de la cirugía con una trombocitopenia de 86 x 103/uL. Se presenta con el objetivo de discutir las directivas del manejo anestésico de las pacientes con síndrome de HELLP y las ventajas de la colocación temprana de un catéter epidural.